Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (em alemão AFI: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] (áudio) (ajuda·info), em inglês: AFI: [ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn]; Ulm, 14 de Março de 1879 — Princeton, 18 de Abril de 1955^[1]) foi um físico teórico alemão radicado nos Estados Unidos.
100 físicos renomados o elegeram, em 2009, o mais memorável físico de todos os tempos.
É conhecido por desenvolver a teoria da relatividade. Recebeu o Nobel de Física de 1921, pela correta explicação do efeito fotoeléctrico; no entanto, o prémio só foi anunciado em 1922 . O seu trabalho teórico possibilitou o desenvolvimento da energia atômica, apesar de não prever tal possibilidade.
Devido à formulação da teoria da relatividade, Einstein tornou-se mundialmente famoso. Nos seus últimos anos, sua fama excedeu a de qualquer outro cientista na cultura popular: "Einstein" tornou-se um sinónimo de génio. Foi por exemplo eleito pela revista Time como a "Pessoa do Século", e a sua face é uma das mais conhecidas em todo o mundo. Em 2005 celebrou-se o Ano Internacional da Física, em comemoração aos cem anos do chamado "Annus Mirabilis" (ano miraculoso) de Einstein, em que este publicou quatro dos mais fundamentais artigos cientifícos da física do século XX. Em sua honra, foi atribuído o seu nome a uma unidade usada na fotoquímica, o einstein, bem como a um elemento químico, o einstênio.

Albert Einstein ( /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.His great intelligence and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.